一、单词Confucius /knfjus/ n.孔子Confucius is considered the greatest of the ancient Chinese sages.孔子被认为是古代中国最伟大的圣人。
philosophy /flsfi/ n.哲学He studied philosophy and psychology at Cambridge.他在剑桥大学学习哲学和心理学individual /ndvdul/ adj.单独的；个别的 n.个人。
He got into the driving seat and started theengine.他坐进驾驶位，发动引擎Achilles’/kili:z/ heel n.（喻）（希腊神话）阿喀琉斯的脚跟，致命的弱点。
Horton’s Achilles’ heel was that he could not delegate.霍顿的致命弱点在于他不懂得放权kingdom /kdm/ n.王国；领域Reading can help us enter into the kingdom of。
the imagination.阅读能够帮助我们进入想象的领域chief /tif/ adj.最重要的；最高级别的n.（公司或机构的）首领；酋长As the chief financial officer of the company, he’s busy all the day.。
作为公司的首席财务官，他整天忙碌He had the good fortune to marry off his daughter to the local chief.他很幸运地把女儿嫁给了当地首领nearby /nba/ adj.附近的；邻近的
adv.在附近Her mother lived in a nearby town.她母亲住在附近一个小镇上The car is parked nearby.车就停在附近join ... to ...把……和……连接或联结起来。
Join one section of pipe to the next.将一段管子与相邻的管子连接起来break away (from sb/sth)脱离；背叛；逃脱I broke away from him and rushed out into the hall.我挣脱了他，冲进了大厅。
belong /bl/ vi.应在（某处）；适应belong to 属于Where do these plates belong?这些盘子该放在哪里？I used to belong to a youth club.
我过去是一个青年俱乐部的成员as well as 同（一样也）；和；还The old people as well as the children like this film.老人同小孩一样喜欢这部电影。
They visited some factories as well as the school.他们参观了这所学校，还参观了工厂military /mltri/ adj.军事的；军用的Military action may become necessary.。
也许有必要采取军事行动defence /dfens/ n.防御；保卫We must remember the soldiers who died in defence of our country.我们必须铭记那些为保卫祖国而献身的战士。
legal /lil/ adj.法律的；合法的He vowed to take legal action.他发誓要采取法律行动Gambling is legal in some countries.在某些国家，赌博是合法的。
surround /srand/ vt.围绕；包围The lake is surrounded with/by trees.湖边树木环绕Police surrounded the building.警方包围了那栋房子。
evidence /evdns/ n.证据；证明There is convincing evidence of a link between exposure to sun and skin cancer.
有可靠证据表明日光曝晒与皮肤癌之间有联系achievement /tivmnt/ n.成就；成绩；达到It was a remarkable achievement for such a young player.。
对于这样一个年轻运动员来说，这真是了不起的成绩location /lken/ n.地方；地点；位置What is the exact location of the ship?那条船的确切位置在哪里？They are looking for a suitable location for new houses.他们正在寻找一个适合建筑新房屋的地点。
battle /btl/ n.战役；搏斗vt.& vi.搏斗；奋斗The building is a commemoration of the battle of Waterloo.这座房子是纪念滑铁卢战役的。
Progress is slow but we keep battling on.进展虽慢，但是我们在继续奋斗port /pt/ n.港口（城市）Rotterdam is a major port.鹿特丹是个重要的港口城市。
keep your eyes open (for)留心；留意Try to keep your eyes open and you will find many white swans in the lake.
试着睁大眼睛注意看，你会发现湖里有许多白天鹅Keep your eyes open for the traffic lights while crossing the street.过马路时留心红绿灯charge /td/ n.收费；指控；主管
vt.收费；控告；充电We can arrange this for a small charge.我们可以将此安排好，只收取很少的费用Even local nurseries charge 100 a week.。
连本地托儿所每星期都要收费100英镑They have the evidence to charge him.他们握有控告他的证据Alex had forgotten to charge the battery.。
亚力克斯忘了给电池充电announce /nauns/ vt.宣布；通知；声称The Prime Minister announced that she would resign.首相宣布她将辞职The next letter announced the birth of another boy.下一封信通知又一个男孩出生了。
amount /maunt/ n.金额；数量You will receive a bill for the full amount.你将收到一张全额账单We import an incredible amount of cheese from the Continent.我们从欧洲大陆进口数量惊人的奶酪。
gallery /glr/ n.（艺术作品）的展览馆；画廊She spent her free time visiting galleries and museums.她利用空闲时间参观美术馆和博物馆approach /prt/ n.方法；途径；接近
vt.接近；接洽；着手处理vi.靠近At her approach the children ran off.她走近的时候,孩子们都跑了As you approach the town, you’ll see a river at first.接近那座城镇的时候,首先看到的是一条河。
ensure /n(r)/ vt.保证；确保；担保The book ensured his success.这本书保证了他的成功Please ensure that all the lights are switched off at night.夜间请务必将所有的灯关掉。
landscape /lndskep/ n.（陆上，尤指乡村的）风景Mountains dominate the Welsh landscape.重峦叠嶂构成威尔士的主要景色generous /denrs/ adj.慷慨的；大方的。
It was generous of you to share your food with me.你把食物与我分享，真慷慨butter /bt(r)/ n.黄油；奶油vt.涂黄油于Would you like some more bread and butter?。
再来一点黄油面包好吗?She buttered four thick slices of bread.她用黄油涂了四片厚面包honey /hn/ n.蜂蜜Add more honey if you have a sweet tooth.。
如果你喜欢吃甜的就多加点蜂蜜ancestor /nsest(r)/ n.祖宗；祖先His ancestors had come to England as refugees.他的祖先来到英国的时候是难民。
position /pzn/ n.位置；姿态；职位From his position on the cliff top, he had a good view of the harbour.他站在悬崖顶上的位置，海港景色一览无余。
They had to stand for hours without changing position.他们得保持一动不动的姿态站几个小时snack /snk/ n.点心；小吃Usually I only have a snack at lunchtime.。
我中午通常只吃点心eager /i(r)/ adj.热切的；渴望的Everyone in the class seemed eager to learn.班上每个人似乎都热爱学习She is eager for her parents’ approval.。
她渴望得到父母的赞许poet /pt/ n.诗人He was a painter and poet.他既是画家又是诗人county /kaunt/ n.（英国、爱尔兰的）郡；（美国的）县He is living now in his mother’s home county of Oxfordshire.他现在居住在他母亲的故乡牛津郡。
roll /rl/ vt.& vi.（使）翻滚；（使）滚动n.卷（轴）；翻滚The ball rolled down the hill.球滚下了山The photographers had already shot a dozen rolls of film.摄影师们已经照了一打胶卷了。
cattle /ktl/ n.牛Farmer Brown’s cattle are branded with the letter B.农场主布朗的牛都烙上了字母“B”的印记ocean /n/ n.大海；海洋。
People were swimming in the ocean despite the hurricane warning.尽管有飓风警报，人们仍然在大海里游泳These mysterious creatures live at the bottom of the ocean.这些神秘的生物生活在海洋底部。
greet /grit/ vt.问候；迎接He greeted her with a sweet kiss.他以甜蜜的吻向她表示问候He greeted all the guests warmly as they arrived.客人到达时他都热情地迎接。
pub /pb/ n.酒吧；酒馆They’ve gone down to the pub for a drink.他们到酒馆喝酒去了wine /wan/ n.葡萄酒；果酒We have a taste of the white wine he’s brought.。
我们尝了尝他带来的白葡萄酒beer /b(r)/ n.（一杯）啤酒He sat in the kitchen drinking beer.他坐在厨房里喝啤酒custom /kstm/ n.风俗；习俗；习惯。
It is difficult to get used to another country’s customs.要适应另一国家的风俗习惯是很困难的It is my custom to rise early.早起是我的习惯。
crowd /krad/ n.人群；一群人；民众vt.挤满；使……拥挤A crowd had already collected outside the embassy gates.使馆大门外已经聚集了一群人。
Tourists crowded the pavement.游客把人行道挤得水泄不通二、课文句型讲解1. So what is the difference between them, if any?那么它们之间的区别是什么呢，如果有的话？
if any 如果有的话，是一个省略形式的从句，在句中作插入语，用来解释、补充或者强调说话者的看法例句：The object of these experiments was to find the connection, if any, between the two phenomena.。
这些实验的目的就是探索这两种现象之间的联系，如果存在着任何联系的话2. Finally, in the 20th century, the southern part of Ireland broke away from the UK, which resulted in the full name we have today: the United。
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.最后，在20世纪，爱尔兰南部脱离了英国，这才产生了如今的全称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国which resulted in ...这是一个which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个主句。
从句中又包含一个省略了关系代词的限制性定语从句we have today，修饰前面的先行词the full name该句为一个复合句result in 导致……结果；引起；造成；结果是……例句：The flood resulted in a severe famine.
水灾导致了严重饥荒3. They use the same flag, known as the Union Jack, as well as share the same currency and military defence.像拥有同样的货币和国防一样，。
他们也使用同一面国旗，即英国国旗the Union Jack 英国国旗，由英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的旗帜组成known as the Union Jack，过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰前面的名词flag，相当于非限制性定语从句which is known as the Union Jack。
currency 货币英国的货币是英镑(pound)，符号是例句：Yang Liwei, known as the first Chinese astronaut to go into the space, is regarded as an astronautic hero.。
= Yang Liwei, who is known as the first Chinese astronaut to go into the space, is regarded as an astronautic hero.
作为第一个进入太空的中国宇航员，杨利伟被称为航天英雄You will need some local currency when going abroad.出国时你需要准备一些当地的货币4. The capital city London is a great city to start, as it is an ancient port city that has a history dating all the way back to Roman times.作为开始，首都伦敦是一个很棒的地方，因为它是一个古老的港口城市，其历史可以一直追溯到罗马时代。
as it is ...是as引导的原因状语从句，表示“因为，由于”，其语气不如because强，通常为附加说明的理由，且是已知晓的原因，主句与从句没有逻辑上的因果关系date back to 始（于）；追溯到，不能用被动语态。
例句：As you are tired, you’d better have a rest.你累了，最好休息一下The college dates back to the 14th century.这所学院始建于14世纪。
5. Ireland’s beautiful countryside has always had a great influence on its people and traditions.爱尔兰美丽的乡村一直以来对它的人们和传统都有着深刻影响。
have an influence on 对……有影响；产生……影响（作用）on是介词，表示influence作用的对象，后面可接sb或sth；influence前面可用不同形容词加以修饰，得以具体化、形象化，因此形容词前可以加不定冠词。
例句：Teenage idols have a strong influence on our children.青少年偶像对孩子们的影响非常深6. Its beautiful countryside excites and inspires all, offering something for each of the senses.。
它美丽的乡村让任何人都感到兴奋和鼓舞，每一种感官都能有所体验/给每一种感官都带来体验offering something ...是一个分词形式的伴随状语，其逻辑主语是its beautiful countryside。
伴随状语是指状语的动作伴随主句发生，即它所表达的动作或状态是伴随句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在例句：The dog entered the room, following his master.这条狗跟着主人进了屋。
7. The peaceful landscape of the “Emerald Isle” and its many green counties is a true feast for the eyes, with its rolling green hills dotted with sheep and cattle.“绿宝石（爱尔兰）岛”风光宁静秀美，郡县草木葱茏，青山连绵起伏，牛羊点缀其中，堪称一场名副其实的视觉盛宴。
a feast for the eyes 视觉盛宴，赏心悦目的事物with its rolling ...是一个with复合结构，在句中作伴随状语伴随状语中dotted with sheep and cattle是过去分词短语作后置定语修饰rolling green hills。
例句：We went to a painting exhibition yesterday, which was really a feast for the eyes.我们昨天去看画展，那真是一场视觉盛宴。
The little girls were playing with snow with their hands frozen red.小女孩们在玩雪，手都冻红了The concert given by their friends was a success.。
他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功8. And if you introduce yourself to a friendly face, you are more than likely to experience local culture and customs first-hand.并且如果你友好地介绍自己，你就很有可能亲身体验当地的文化和风俗习惯。
more than likely=very likely 很有可能，非常有可能more than放在形容词或副词前面，意为“非常；十分”，与very同义first-hand 直接地；亲身地例句：She is more than careful in doing things.。
她做事非常仔细Most of the older reporters have experienced war first-hand.大部分年长的记者都亲身经历过战争三、语法讲解1.插入语（1）插入语：在句子中插入一些单词、短语或句子，用来作附加的解释说明、补充信息、表达说话人的看法、转移话题、或者承上启下衔接句子，这些插入部分称为插入语。
插入语与句子其他部分没有语法上的联系，通常用逗号或破折号与句子隔开，作为一个独立的成分删掉插入语，句子结构仍完整，意思基本不受影响（2）插入语的类型1）形容词（短语）作插入语常见的有：true, strange to say, most important of all, sure enough, worse still等。
例如：Strange to say, he hasn’t got my letter up to now.说来奇怪，他到现在还没收到我的信2)副词（短语）作插入语常见的有：indeed, surely, still, otherwise, however, generally, fortunately, obviously等。
例如：Otherwise, he would still be home.不然的话，他应该还在家里3)介词短语作插入语常见的有：in a way, for example, of course, as a matter of fact, by the way, as a result, on the contrary, on the other hand, in my opinion, in general, in a sense, in short, in conclusion,in addition, above all, first of all, to my surprise,to her regret, in fact, in a word, in other words,。
in that sense, as a rule等例如：In short, we should not stop halfway.简言之，我们不应该半途而废4)现在分词（短语）作插入语常见的有：generally/strictly/frankly/truly speaking, judging from/by, talking of..., considering, putting it mildly等。
例如：Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs.一般来说，狗跑得比猪快5)不定式短语作插入语常见的有：to be sure/frank/honest, to tell you the truth, to be short, to begin/start with, to put it briefly/mildly, to conclude/sum up等。
例如：To be frank, I don’t quite agree with you.坦率地说，我不太同意你的意见6)句子作插入语常见从句有：if so, if not, if any, if I may say so,if you don’t mind, as you know, as you say, if you please, if necessary, if convenient等。
例如：You can, if you please, come earlier.如果你愿意的话，你可以早点过来常见的短句有：I am sure, I’m afraid, it is said, I suppose, I think, I believe, I hope, what’s more, what’s worse, that is to say, what is important, do you know/see/think/suppose/guess/believe等。
例如：The old man, it is said, was a famous artist.据说，这个老人是一位有名的艺术家2.过去分词作定语作定语的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。
用法如下：1)单个的过去分词作定语时通常放在被修饰名词的前面及物动词的过去分词具有被动和完成意义不及物动词的过去分词具有主动意义，强调动作的完成例如：We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.。
我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况fallen leaves 落叶developed country 发达国家注意：有时单个过去分词也可以作后置定语，用以强调动作例如：The money left is not enough for so many people to live through.。
剩余的钱不够这么多人用2)过去分词短语用作定语时，一般置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句例如：The boy dressed in blue is her son.=The boy who is dressed in blue is her son.。
穿蓝色衣服的男孩是她的儿子注意：过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号例如：The meeting, attended by thousands ofpeople, welcomed the great hero.。
他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有上千人3)修饰由every/some/any/no+thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时，即使是一个单一分词，也要放在被修饰词的后面例如：Is there anything unsolved?
还有没解决的问题吗？4)以“名词+过去分词”或“形容词/副词+过去分词”组成的复合形容词，放在被修饰名词的前面作前置定语例如：This is a state-owned factory.这是一家国营工厂。
We moved into the newly-built house.我们搬进了新建的房子3.过去分词作宾补的用法课文：They had castles built all around England,...。
定义：某些及物动词不仅需要宾语，还需要某个词或短语来补充说明宾语，即表示宾语所代表的人或物所发出的动作或所处的状态，这个词或短语称为宾语补足语（宾补）句型：have/ get/ feel/ find/...+宾语+v-ed。
例如：I heard the song sung in English.我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌We could get our car battery charged in thecar park.我们可以在停车场给汽车电池充上电。
(1)过去分词作宾补表示的意义1）过去分词作宾补表示被动关系，其动作先于谓语动词例如：I found my hometown greatly changed.我发现我的家乡变化很大2）过去分词作宾补，与宾语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
例如：Alen got his tooth pulled out yesterday.艾伦昨天把牙拔了（2）能够接过去分词作宾补的动词类型1.表感觉或心理状态的动词，如see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等。
例如：I found my pencil box broken.我发现我的文具盒坏了2）表示“致使”意义的动词，如have, make, get, keep, leave等例如：I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.。
明天我要理发3）表示爱憎、意愿的动词，如want, wish, like, hate等例如：I wish my homework finished before dark.我希望天黑前完成作业4）表示思维活动的动词，如consider, know, think等。
例如：I consider the matter settled.我认为这件事解决了4.with复合结构作伴随状语的用法（1）伴随状语的概念：伴随状语是指状语从句的动作伴随主句发生，即由一个主语发出两个动作或同一个。
主语处于两种状态，或同一个主语发出一个动作时又伴随有某一种状态伴随状语的逻辑主语一般情况下必须是全句的主语例如：Grandpa sat in the armchair, reading anewspaper.爷爷坐在扶手椅里读报。
All night long he stayed awake, thinking of the problem.他整夜都睡不着，思考着那个问题（2）with复合结构作伴随状语的常见形式1） with+名词/代词+形容词。
例如：He often sleeps with windows open.他经常开着窗睡觉2） with+名词/代词+副词例如：The square looks more beautiful with all。
the light on.所有的灯亮起来，广场看起来更美了3） with+名词/代词+名词例如：He left home, with his wife a hopelesssoul.他走了，他妻子十分伤心。
4） with+名词/代词+介词短语例如：The man was walking on the street, with anumbrella under his arm.那个男人在街上行走，腋下夹着一把雨伞。
5） with+名词/代词+现在分词（表主动和进行）例如：He felt more uneasy with the whole classstaring at him.全班同学看着他，他感到更不自然了6） with+名词/代词+过去分词（表被动和完成）
例如：With this problem solved, the product isnow in regular production.随着这个问题的解决，该产品现在已经正式投产7） with+名词/代词+不定式（表示尚未发生的动作）。
例如：So in the afternoon, with nothing to do, Iwent on a round of the bookshop.由于下午无事可做，我就去书店转了转。
亲爱的读者们，感谢您花时间阅读本文。如果您对本文有任何疑问或建议，请随时联系我。我非常乐意与您交流。
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